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Converts the input string to uppercase characters. Note that Firebolt uses the POSIX locale, therefore upper only converts the ASCII characters “a” through “z” to uppercase. Non-ASCII characters remain unchanged.

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Syntax

UPPER(<expression>)

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Parameters

ParameterDescriptionSupported input types
<expression>The string to be converted to uppercase characters.TEXT

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Return Type

TEXT

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Examples

The following example converts a game player’s username from lowercase to uppercase characters: 
SELECT UPPER('esimpson') AS username;
username text
ESIMPSON

Rows: 1Execution time: 6.85ms

Because Firebolt uses the POSIX locale, non-ASCII characters are not uppercased: 
SELECT UPPER('München');
upper text
MüNCHEN

Rows: 1Execution time: 4.66ms